One-Way Communication and Two-way Communication:
In one-way communication, only the sender conveys his message to the receiver, but the receiver can’t convey his feedback to the receiver. In this type of communication, the receiver understands the meaning of the message on his own. Examples of one-way communication include watching the news on television, listening to the radio, and watching movies in the theatre.
In two-way communication, both sender and receiver have an active role to play. The sender conveys his message to the receiver, and the receiver tries to understand the message in the same sense and the spirit. If the receiver didn’t understand the message, he could give the feedback by asking questions to the sender. Then, the sender tries to clarify the doubts of the receiver. The two-way communication is very interactive and helps to create mutual understanding between sender and receiver.
Verbal Communication and Non-Verbal Communication:
Verbal Communication:
In verbal communication, the sender communicates his message to the receiver through words, and a common language is essential to communicate. Verbal communication is not possible between the sender and the receiver if they don’t have one common language. A common language helps the sender to select specific words to communicate his message directly to the receiver. The examples of Verbal Communication include Group Discussions, formal and informal meetings, presentations, workshops and training sessions, etc.
Verbal communication can be oral and written:
Oral Communication:
Oral Communication includes face-to-face communication, talking on phone, Zoom meeting and Google meetings, etc.
Written Communication:
This form of communication includes letter writing, memorandum writing, report writing, notices, office orders, circulars, etc.
Non-Verbal Communication:
In Non-verbal Communication, the sender communicates his message to the receiver through facial expression, body postures, eye contact, clothing, and silence. Studies show that more than 65% of communication depends on non-verbal communication. It clearly shows that non-verbal communication is equally important as verbal communication. Non-verbal communication has the following types:
- Kinesics
- Chronemics
- Haptics or Tactilics
- Paralinguistics
- Proxemics
- Artifacts
- Occulesics
Formal Communication and Informal Communication:
Formal communication:
It is the flow of official information through various organizational hierarchy levels while adhering to the organization’s professional rules and regulations, policies, standards, procedures, etc.
Formal communication is carefully regulated and follows a predetermined communication channel. It is regulated by the chain of command and follows all of the company’s established procedures. Formal communication has the following types:
Downward Communication:
When information flows from the upper and lower levels, it is referred to as downward communication. In this communication, the information is passed down from superiors to subordinates in orders and instructions. It can be conveyed either in the form of written and oral communication, depending upon the situation. Examples include letters, emails, reports, circulars, interviews, and meetings.
Upward Communication:
When the message flows from lower to higher levels, it is referred to as upward communication. In this communication, the subordinate can’t bypass the immediate boss to convey his message to higher authorities. He has to follow the proper hierarchy to communicate his message. Examples include requests, reports, recommendations, grievances, and instructions.
Horizontal Communication:
When the message flows between the people having equal rank and designation in the organization, it is referred to as horizontal communication. The best example of horizontal communication is when managers from different departments, such as marketing, finance, production, and human resource, communicate.
Diagonal or Cross-wise Communication:
Diagonal or cross-wise communication occurs when workers from various departments at various levels communicate with one another regardless of the chain of command or hierarchical order. An example of diagonal communication includes the interaction between the Assistant Prof. and the Chairman in the organization.
Informal Communication:
It is also called Grapevine Communication. This form of communication is off the records and doesn’t follow the organizational hierarchy. It is also very fast and rapid because it moves freely in all directions. In other words, it is a casual and unofficial form of communication in which information is exchanged spontaneously between two or more people without adhering to official rules and regulations, procedures, formalities, or chain of command. Informal communication is very natural in any organization as people communicate about their professional and personal lives.
Single Strand:
In this form of communication, one person tells something to another, who then conveys the same message to another person, and so on.
Cluster:
In this form of communication, one person conveys a few of their most trusted friends, who then inform their trusted friends, and the process continues.
Probability:
Communication occurs when a person selects a group of people at random to pass on information that is not very important.
Gossip:
When a person conveys a message to a group of people, they then pass the same information to more people, and the process continues until the information has been passed on to everyone.
Interpersonal Communication and Intra Personal Communication:
Interpersonal Communication:
It is also known as face-to-face communication, in which people exchange information, emotions, and meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages.
Interpersonal communication is limited to what is said by using a language and how it is said. It also includes nonverbal messages, i.e., tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures, body language, etc. Presentations, meetings, and discussions are examples of interpersonal communication.
Intrapersonal Communication:
In this Communication, an individual indulges in self–talk. An internal dialogue occurs in the mind of an individual. It can be in the form of written and oral communication. The people who like to maintain daily journals use a written form of communication to indulge in self-talk. In contrast, other people talk to themselves while creating certain ideas in their minds and then indulge in self-talk. Intrapersonal communication includes self-concept, perception, and expectation. That means assessing one’s convictions, values, and behavior, as well as how that assessment affects what happens in the real world. It also includes how we perceive and interpret the things in our surroundings and decide our actions accordingly.
Related Topics: